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Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Bolivian hemorrhagic fever (BHF), also known as black typhus or Ordog Fever, is a hemorrhagic fever and zoonotic infectious disease originating in Bolivia after infection by Machupo virus.〔Public Health Agency of Canada: ''Machupo Virus Pathogen Safety Data Sheet'', http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/lab-bio/res/psds-ftss/machupo-eng.php, Date Modified: 2011-02-18.〕
BHF was first identified in 1963 as an ambisense RNA virus of the Arenaviridae family, by a research group led by Karl Johnson. The mortality rate is estimated at 5 to 30 percent. Due to its pathogenicity, Machupo virus requires Biosafety Level Four conditions, the highest level.〔Center for Food Security & Public Health and Institute for International Cooperation in Animal Biologics, Iowa State University: ''Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Caused by Arenaviruses'', http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/viral_hemorrhagic_fever_arenavirus.pdf, last updated: February 23, 2010.〕
In February and March 2007, some 20 suspected BHF cases (3 fatal) were reported to the El Servicio Departamental de Salud (SEDES) in Beni Department, Bolivia, and in February 2008, at least 200 suspected new cases (12 fatal) were reported to SEDES.〔Aguilar PV, Carmago W, Vargas J, Guevara C, Roca Y, Felices V, et al. Reemergence of Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, 2007–2008 (). Emerg Infect Dis (on the Internet ) 2009 Sep. Available from http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/15/9/09-0017.htm. Accessed 2 Dec 2011.〕 In November 2011, a SEDES expert involved in a serosurvey to determine the extent of Machupo virus infections in the Department after the discovery of a second confirmed case near the departmental capital of Trinidad in November, 2011, expressed concern about expansion of the virus' distribution outside the endemic zone in Mamoré and Iténez provinces.〔"Caso confirmado de fiebre hemorrágica alerta a autoridades benianas," ''Los Tiempos.com'', http://www.lostiempos.com/diario/actualidad/nacional/20111116/caso-confirmado-de-fiebre-hemorragica-alerta-a-autoridades_149655_310330.html, 16/11/2011.〕〔"SEDES movilizado para controlar brote de fiebre hemorrágica en Beni; También se Capacita a Los Comunarios y Estudiantes," ''Lost Tiempos.com'', http://www.lostiempos.com/diario/actualidad/nacional/20111130/sedes-movilizado-para-controlar-brote-de-fiebre-hemorragica-en_151529_314539.html, 30/11/2011.〕
==Epidemiology==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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